The morphemes aster-, astr-, astro- all relate to which concept?

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These morphemes point to star, coming from Greek. They show up in many space- and star-related words like astronomy, astronaut, asteroid, and asterisk, all tying back to the idea of a star or something star-shaped. So the shared meaning is star. That’s why star is the best fit. The other ideas—first, set/place/put, or letter/writing—don’t map onto the root meaning of these forms, which consistently connects to stars or star shapes.